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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological residential areas that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH comes with all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed kinds to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Action was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect an environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which specify procedures for implementation on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and fine detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Effects from certain fishing routines and coastal and underwater development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or counteract those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Workplace (SERO), West Coast Local Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH consultation services are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or done part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations in the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to variety and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, control, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet by least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a home type that is/will be stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not banish activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Imperative Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed because threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by threatened or endangered species that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at that time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and regulation, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft bottom level in relation to organisms that use them include sediment grain size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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