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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate important to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that lakes and rivers include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological residential areas that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used anytime during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed species to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sport fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries the moment their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 , 19, 1997, interim final rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management approach (FMP) amendment, and fine detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Has an effect on from certain fishing practices and coastal and nautical development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally been able commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Workplace (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or done part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, administration, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet by least one of the following four criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will be stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory protection as EFH and do not banish activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is designated for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and restoration of species listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by threatened or endangered types that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is usually designated as critical at that time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with sediment. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft starting in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment wheat size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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